They provide a step-by-step description of the process of cultivar development for a crop species, discuss the alternative strategies that are available at each step of the process, and describe those strategies that have been used most successfully. Crop species were chosen for this book to represent the major types of cultivars that are grown commercially.
The development of asexually propagated cultivars, pure-line cultivars, synthetics, multilines, and hybrids are described in one or more of the chapters. Collectively, the chapters describe the application of all breeding methods that are currently used by plant breeders for cultivar development. The initial stimulus for preparing the book was provided by the students in my plant breeding class at Iowa State University.
In the class notes that became a part of Volume I of Principles of Cultivar Development, some descriptions were included as to how cultivars of several species had been developed.
The students indicated that they found the descriptions useful for understanding the entire cultivar development process from start to finish and for understanding the theoretical aspects of plant breeding.
Recent books that describe the methodologies employed in molecular and cellular studies of plants have been a valuable source of information to plant breeders interested in using these means to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of cultivar development. Principles of Cultivar Development: Crop Species.
Date Fehr, Walter Person. Research Projects. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized.
As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions e. Maize breeding is the science of maize cultivar development. The principles of quantitative genetics have been successfully applied by maize breeders worldwide to adapt and improve germplasm sources of cultivars for very simple traits e. For instance, genomic efforts have isolated early-maturing genes and QTL for potential MAS but very simple and low cost phenotypic efforts have caused significant and fast genetic progress across genotypes moving elite tropical and late temperate maize northward with minimal investment.
Quantitative genetics has allowed the integration of pre-breeding with cultivar development by characterizing populations genetically, adapting them to places never thought of e. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding has improved the odds of developing outstanding maize cultivars from genetically broad based improved populations such as B The inbred-hybrid concept in maize was a public sector invention years ago and it is still considered one of the greatest achievements in plant breeding.
Maize hybrids grown by farmers today are still produced following this methodology and there is still no limit to genetic improvement when most genes are targeted in the breeding process.
Heterotic effects are unique for each hybrid and exotic genetic materials e. Breeding programs based on classical quantitative genetics and selection methods will be the basis for proving theoretical approaches on breeding plans based on molecular markers. Mating designs still offer large sample sizes when compared to QTL approaches and there is still a need to successful integration of these methods.
There is a need to increase the genetic diversity of maize hybrids available in the market e. Public programs can still develop new and genetically diverse products not available in industry. However, public U. Future significant genetic gains in maize are dependent on the incorporation of useful and unique genetic diversity not available in industry e.
The integration of pre-breeding methods with cultivar development should enhance future breeding efforts to maintain active public breeding programs not only adapting and improving genetically broad-based germplasm but also developing unique products and training the next generation of maize breeders producing research dissertations directly linked to breeding programs.
This is especially important in areas where commercial hybrids are not locally bred. More than ever public and private institutions are encouraged to cooperate in order to share breeding rights, research goals, winter nurseries, managed stress environments, and latest technology for the benefit of producing the best possible hybrids for farmers with the least cost.
We have the opportunity to link both classical and modern technology for the benefit of breeding in close cooperation with industry without the need for investing in academic labs and time e. This volume, as part of the Handbook of Plant Breeding series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security. Without breeding programs continuously developing improved germplasm, no technology can develop improved cultivars.
Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding presents principles and data that can be applied to maximize genetic improvement of germplasm and develop superior genotypes in different crops. The topics included should be of interest of graduate students and breeders conducting research not only on breeding and selection methods but also developing pure lines and hybrid cultivars in crop species.
This volume is a unique and permanent contribution to breeders, geneticists, students, policy makers, and land-grant institutions still promoting quality research in applied plant breeding as opposed to promoting grant monies and indirect costs at any short-term cost. The book is dedicated to those who envision the development of the next generation of cultivars with less need of water and inputs, with better nutrition; and with higher percentages of exotic germplasm as well as those that pursue independent research goals before searching for funding.
Scientists are encouraged to use all possible breeding methodologies available e. Arnel R. Hallauer is C. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs,. Plant breeding is characterized by the need to integrate information from diverse disciplines towards the development and delivery of a product defines as a new cultivar.
Conventional breeding draws information from disciplines such as genetics, plant physiology, plant pathology, entomology, food technology and statistics. Plant breeding for water-limited environments and the development of drought resistant crop cultivars is considered as one of the more difficult areas in plant breeding while at the same time it is becoming a very pressing issue.
This volume is unique and timely in that it develops realistic solutions and protocols towards the breeding of drought resistant cultivars by integrating knowledge from environmental science, plant physiology, genetics and molecular biology.
The projected increase in world population levels and the subsequent rise in food demand represents a huge challenge for agricultural production systems worldwide. This publication examines the opportunities and challenges raised by the use of plant genetic resources and highlights the contribution that data from multi-environment yield trials can provide for the definition of adaptation strategies and yield stability targets in plant breeding programmes.
Agriculture depends on improved cultivars, and cultivars are developed through proper plant breeding.
Unfortunately, applied plant breeding programs that are focused on cereal commodity crops are under serious erosion because of lack of funding. This loss of public support affects breeding continuity, objectivity, and, perhaps equally important, the training of future plant breeders and the utilization and improvement of plant genetic resources currently available.
Breeding programs should focus not only on short-term research goals but also on long-term genetic improvement of germplasm. The research products of breeding programs are important not only for food security but also for commodity-oriented public and private programs, especially in the fringes of crop production.
Breeding strategies used for long-term selection are often neglected but the reality is that long-term research is needed for the success of short-term products. An excellent example is that genetically broad-based public germplasm has significantly been utilized and recycled by industry, producing billions of dollars for industry and farmers before intellectual property rights were available.
Successful examples of breeding continuity have served the sustainable cereal crop production that we currently have.
The fact that farmers rely on public and private breeding institutions for solving long-term challenges should influence policy makers to reverse this trend of reduced funding. Joint cooperation between industry and public institutions would be a good example to follow. The objective of this volume is to increase the utilization of useful genetic resources and increase awareness of the relative value and impact of plant breeding and biotechnology.
That should lead to a more sustainable crop production and ultimately food security. Applied plant breeding will continue to be the foundation to which molecular markers are applied.
Focusing useful molecular techniques on the right traits will build a strong linkage between genomics and plant breeding and lead to new and better cultivars.
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